Квантовий комп’ютерний чип: фізичні принципи роботи та сучасний стан інженерної реалізації

Abstract

The paper considers the development and current state of quantum computer chips as a promising direction in the development of computing technology. The differences between classical bits and qubits are analyzed, and the physical essence of superposition and quantum entanglement is revealed. An overview of the main technological platforms for the implementation of quantum chips is provided: superconducting, spin, ion, and photonic systems. The physical principles of their operation are considered, in particular, the Josephson effect, spin control, and ion confinement in electromagnetic traps. The advantages and disadvantages of using quantum chips are analyzed. Special attention is paid to current achievements in the development and creation of quantum chips, as well as the prospects for the practical application of quantum computers in science, medicine, and cryptography.